Harvard Referencing - A simple guide
In higher education when ever you include a fact or piece of information in an assignment or essay you must also include where and how you
found that piece of information. Even if you 'just know it' - it has to of come from somewhere. This is because in higher education assignment writing you are
not just being tested on what you know, but rather what you are able to find out and what you think it means.
Details about where you found the information utilised to write your assignment are kept in two chapters right at the very end, called the Reference List
and Bibliography. The reference list is where you list the direct quotes or paraphrased findings of another author, and is also known as the works cited. The bibliography is where you list
sources you've read for background information, but did not directly include in your work - In the UK this is commonly referred to as Harvard referencing. In addition, a small mention to the author and publish year, within brackets,
must be given in the main body of your assignment wherever you make a reference.
Plagiarism
If you quote or paraphrase another author's work without including a reference to it you are plagiarising. Not only is it very easy to detect plagiarism
using online services like Turn It In, but it's also very easy for your tutor to spot it just by reading your work. Remember - you are not being marked
on your ability to write facts or show off what you know. Any assumptions or facts you state must have someone else's credible work to back you up. Plagiarism does
not only mean cheating, it is mainly used to describe forgetting or choosing not to include reference to other's work or theories.
Referencing Styles
To make the reference list and bibliography consistent and easy to read across different papers there are predefined styles stating how to set them out - these are
called citation styles. Different subjects prefer to each use different styles. The following are the most popular:
- Harvard, which is very similar to another style called APA. Harvard referencing is the most well used referencing style in the UK, and is encouraged for use
with the humanities. APA is considered the American equivalent.
- MLA. MLA is most often applied by the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA.
- Vancouver. The Vancouver system is mainly used in medical and scientific papers.
- Chicago and Turabian. These are two seperate styles but are very similar, just like Harvard and APA. These are widely used for history and economics.
Regardless of what subject you're writing for, you should use the style your university and tutor recommend and you must not mix-and-match. At the moment CiteThisForMe generates references
for the APA and Harvard referencing system only.