MMU Harvard, otherwise known as Manchester Metropolitan University Harvard, is a variation of the Harvard referencing style. It is used by academics to acknowledge the influence of previous authors in their works.
MMU Harvard referencing requires an in-text citation and full reference list at the end of the paper, just like Harvard. Using an in-text citation with the author’s name and date allows the reader to quickly see the source of the information without having to flick to the full reference list each time. It also helps to accurately attribute which information is gathered from other sources so that the author’s research is evident.
The in-text citation of MMU is placed in brackets at the end of the sentence that it refers to. However, when the author’s name already appears in the sentence, only the date is placed in brackets directly after their name appears.
The in-text citation will refer to a full reference listed in the bibliography at the end of the paper. This list of references is arranged in alphabetic order by authors name to help the reader to easily find more information about the citation they have seen in the text.
The full reference is presented in a number of ways depending on the source type, i.e. a book is formatted in a different way to a journal article or website.
That’s a lot to think about, right? You can use RefME’s MMU Harvard reference generator to search for the author or title of the book or journal you’d like to reference, set it to MMU Harvard style and it will create your references for you in seconds.
Use the following template to cite a book using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. ed. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.
Example:
Newman, R. (2015) Introduction.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
Nothing is random. Nothing is there by accident. Everything you see is a deliberate choice. (Newman, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a journal using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. [online] Publication Title, Volume number(Issue number) p.Pages Used. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Dermalinstitute.com, (2015) Articles. [Online] [Accessed on 18 April 2015] http://www.dermalinstitute.com/uk/library/12_article_How_Does_Menopause_Affect_the_Skin_.html.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
The hormonal changes that occur during and after menopause tend to change the skins physiology in new and different ways. (Dermalinstitute.com, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Title. (Year Published) [Format] City: Publisher.
Example:
Chaloupka, F. and Laixuthai, A. (1994) 'Do Youths Substitute Alcohol and Marijuana? Some Econometric Evidence'. [online] National Bureau of Economic Research. [Accessed on 28 April 2015] http://www.nber.org/papers/w4662.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Title, Year Published)
Example:
Data from the 1982 and 1989 Monitoring the Future Surveys are used to examine the substitutability of alcoholic beverages and marijuana among youths. Beer prices and minimum legal drinking ages are used as measures of the full price of alcohol, while an indicator of marijuana decriminalization and its money price capture the full price of marijuana. Results indicate that drinking frequency and heavy drinking episodes are negatively related to beer prices, but positively related to the full price of marijuana. The implications of this substitution for one of the consequences of youth substance abuse, driving while intoxicated, is examined using information on youth non-fatal accidents taken from the surveys and on youth fatal motor vehicle accidents constructed from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. These results indicate that the net effect of an increase in the full price of alcoholic beverages on the probability of a youth traffic crash is negative. However, the opposite is found for marijuana. That is, the results imply that the reduction in accidents resulting from substitution away from alcoholic beverages and other intoxicating substances to marijuana as its full price is lower more than offsets the increase in accidents related to marijuana use. (Chaloupka and Laixuthai, 1994)
Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. [Format] [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Varriale, C. (2014) Die Antwoord Geared Up for Third Album, Announces Tour - Allston Pudding. Allston Pudding. [Online] [Accessed on 1 May 2015] http://allstonpudding.com/die-antwoord-new-album-and-tour/.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
Fig. 1, Yolandi Vi$$er and Ninja, Die Antwoord (Varriale, 2014)
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Use the following template to cite a website using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. [Online] [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Concretethinker.com, (n.d.) City of Highland Constructs New Library with ICF Wall Systems for Maximum Efficiency and Durability. [Online] [Accessed on 28 April 2015] http://www.concretethinker.com/casestudies/Highland-Library-ICF.aspx.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
The end result is a high-performance wall that is structurally sound and is ready to accept final exterior and interior finishing. ICFs offer a level of sound construction that traditional materials do not. ICF walls deliver better energy efficiency – keeping cooler air in during the summer months and warmer air in during the winter months. In addition, buildings with these types of wall systems are better able to withstand harsh weather conditions such as hurricanes and earthquakes. (Concretethinker.com, n.d.)
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Use the following template to cite a blog using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. Publication Title. [Blog] [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Edwards, T. (2006) Cultures of masculinity. London: Routledge, p.3.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
something that is, has always been, and always will be, coming from mens testicles. (Edwards, 2006)
Use the following template to cite a court case using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Title [Year Published]Document Title/Name Volume number (Location), p.Pages Used.
Example:
Millard, D. (2015) Getting into gear. [Online] [Accessed on 29 April 2015] http://www.halfordscompany.com/media/221101/halfords-ar2014-web-ready.pdf.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Title, [Year Published])
Example:
Between 2012 and 2013 Halfords reported an increase in turnover of 1% from £863 million to £871.3 million. In addition to this the company saw its operating profits decline by 20% over the year to £78.1 million from £97 million a year earlier (Millard, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. [online] In: Publication Title. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
NPR.org, (2015) Target Offers $10 Million Settlement In Data Breach Lawsuit. [Online] [Accessed on 1 May 2015] http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/03/19/394039055/target-offers-10-million-settlement-in-data-breach-lawsuit.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/03/19/394039055/target-offers-10-million-settlement-in-data-breach-lawsuit (NPR.org, 2015)
Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. ed. [ebook] City: Publisher, p.Pages Used. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Intel, (2015) Moore's Law and Intel Innovation. [Online] [Accessed on 30 April 2015] http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-gordon-moore-law.html.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
"The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months." (Intel, 2015)
Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. ed., (Year Published) Title. ed. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.
Example:
Brown, I. (1989) Stone.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
We’re all anti-royalist, anti-patriarch. Cos it’s 1989, time to get real. When the ravens leave the tower, England shall fall, they say. We want to be there, shooting the ravens (Brown, 1989)
Use the following template to cite an email using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. [email].
Example:
Finicune, P. (2015) Network Security Specalist.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
It was nice but quite old looking and boring. After going up 2 lifts and many flights of stairs to get up the the top, the view was worth it. However the interior of the building was very dated, old fashioned and boring. The lobby is actually quite small. (Finicune, 2015)
Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. In: Publication Title. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.
Example:
Education Technology Leasing for Digital Learning & iPads - WestWon, (2014) The Pros And Cons Of Using Tablets In The Classroom - Education Technology Leasing for Digital Learning & iPads - WestWon. [Online] [Accessed on 1 May 2015] http://westwoneducation.co.uk/pros-cons-using-tablets-classroom/.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
Subjected to the daily rigours of school, tablets are more vulnerable to breaking due to their lightweight design. In fact, the most common damage caused to a tablet is a cracked screen. However, this risk can be minimised by simply investing in a robust case and providing students with guidelines on how to look after their device. (Education Technology Leasing for Digital Learning & iPads - WestWon, 2014)
Use the following template to cite an interview using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title.
Example:
Water.epa.gov, (2015) 5.5 Turbidity | Monitoring & Assessment | US EPA. [Online] [Accessed on 25 April 2015] http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
which reduces photosynthesis and the production of Dissolved Oxygen (Water.epa.gov, 2015)
Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. [online] Publication Title, (Issue number) p.Pages Used. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Anon, (2015) .
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
Boellstorff, T. (2008). Coming of age in Second Life: An anthropologist explores the virtually human. Princeton University Press. (Anon, 2015)
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Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) 'Title'. [online] Publication Title, p.Pages Used. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Smith, D. and Menert, M. (2006) Try to Remember. [Mp3] New York: Pretty Lights Music.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
Pam Muir 10:18 To: contact@prettylightsmusic.com Good Morning, I am in the process of creating a forty minute radio documentary about a charity art project, which works in refugee camps around the world; most notably Za'atari, Jordan-the second largest refugee camp in the world. I would like to sample ""Try to Remember"" in a couple of sections in the piece, I will reference Pretty Lights & ensure that royalties are paid in due course. I will also send you the documentary, to show how I have integrated the track into it. I look forward to hearing from you, Pamela Muir (UK) (Smith and Menert, 2006)
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Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. Publication Title. [podcast] [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Anon, (2015) [Online] [Accessed on 25 April 2015] http://www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/WPAM.pdf.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
, population aging affects economic growth, formal and informal social support systems, and the ability of states and communities to provide resources for older citizens. (Anon, 2015)
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Use the following template to cite a song using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published) Title. [Format] City: Publisher. [Accessed on 10 October 2013] http://Website-Url.
Example:
Health Knowledge, (2010) Basic management models and theories associated with motivation and leadership and be able to apply them to practical situations and problems. [Online] [Accessed on 29 April 2015] http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5c-management-change/basic-management-models.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Author Surname, Year Published)
Example:
“Maslow is often-quoted still today, having developed a seminal theory of the needs of human beings. Herzberg's and McGregor's neo-human relations theories both focus on motivation and leadership”. (Health Knowledge, 2010)
Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Title, (Year Published) City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.
Example:
Sturt, M. and Holmes, K. (n.d.) Carlton's early beginnings. Nth. Carlton, Vic.: Carlton Forest Project.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Title, Year Published)
Example:
Shortage of housing occasioned by the gold rush years, an influx of immigrants and new industries created a huge demand for housing which the speculators were quick to take advantage of. Carlton was to a large extent exempt from the wholesale subdivision of land that was occurring in Collingwood and Fitzroy, but it did have a significant impact on the overall streetscape pattern. Rows of tiny workers' cottages were soon found to be competing for space alongside the fashionable terrace houses of the well to do. It was therefore not unusual for a person to own up to thirty different properties in one or more suburbs. Robert Hepburn for example, an estate agent, owned twenty six Carlton properties in 1864. Others such as John Foote and the French Consul, Count de Castelan, built rows of terraces and either lived in one house and leased the others, or as in the case of the Count, lived in them for a couple of years and then leased them out. His home, Caroline Terrace, was built in Drummond Street in 1866. He lived in the terrace for two years before leasing it to merchants and professionals. (Sturt and Holmes, n.d.)
Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Harvard – Manchester Metropolitan University citation style.
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
Template:
Title, (Year Published) [TV programme] Channel number: Broadcaster.
Example:
Blemings, J. (2015) About Chrysalis Dance London. Chrysalisdancelondon.com. [Online] [Accessed on 28 April 2015] http://www.chrysalisdancelondon.com/about.html.
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
Template:
(Title, Year Published)
Example:
'While many view professional inexperience as a negative, personally I see it as an incredible thing. I focus and build on the many attributes that come with graduate dancers, such as their explosive energy, creativity and insatiable hunger to constantly progress and guide them into a new generation of artists, harnessing their raw talent and encouraging them to constantly push the limits on what’s possible. (Blemings, 2015)